Introduction The Berlin Wall became a symbol of a time in history, and a physical defining point in an otherwise covert series of battles. To study and explore the Berlin Wall is to explore how the Cold War manifested itself in Central Europe and the impact it had on one...

As Christianity had spread across Europe, Islam had spread across the Middle East. At the end of the eleventh century the relationship between the Muslim leader of Jerusalem and the Christian communities and travellers to the city fractured. Along with other key relationships across Europe, the Middle East and around...

New HA short course, September–December 2025  The French Revolution (1789–1799) was not just a turning point in French history - it was a seismic event that reshaped the political landscape of Europe and reverberated across the globe. Its immediate and long-term consequences challenged monarchies and empires, inspired emerging republics, and...

A Jewish community was established in England shortly after the Norman Conquest. Initially confined to London, from the 1130s onwards Jews began to settle in other parts of the country, where they lived as English Jews for more than two centuries. Their life in England came to an end in...

Beyond the mud and blood: The First World War and the social, political and cultural impact and legacy on ordinary people While the first global conflict of the modern world fuelled military and leadership challenges, it also created an environment of social, political and cultural unrest. 2024 was 110 years since...