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  • Ending the French Revolution

      Historian article
    Malcolm Crook discusses why it was so difficult to end the most famous revolution of the eighteenth century and why it led to bloodshed and absolutism.
    Ending the French Revolution
  • Interpretations of the French Revolution

      Classic Pamphlet
    The French Revolution raises many questions not least: What sort of Revolution was it - one of "poverty" or "prosperity" ? a bourgeois revolution that overthrew feudalism?  A national struggle for liberty, democracy, or "eternal Justice" ? or, again, a criminal conspiracy against the old social order? What did it...
    Interpretations of the French Revolution
  • Women and the French Revolution: the start of the modern feminist movement

      Historian article
    Luke Rimmo Loyi Lego explores the role of women in the French Revolution, and how their challenges to traditional gender roles laid the foundations for the modern feminist movement.  The study of the French Revolution is often restricted to its impact on the Enlightenment ideas of influential men such as Rousseau,...
    Women and the French Revolution: the start of the modern feminist movement
  • The Terror in the French Revolution

      Classic Pamphlet
    A natural reaction to the history of the French Revolution is to see it as a glorious movement for liberty which somehow ‘went wrong', ending in a nightmare of blood and chaos. This pamphlet explains what really happened, and why. It shows how the apparent achievements of the first two...
    The Terror in the French Revolution
  • Polychronicon 150: Interpreting the French Revolution

      Teaching History feature
    For most of the last two centuries, historical interpretations of the French Revolution have focused on its place in a grand narrative of modernity. For the most ‘counter-revolutionary' writers, the Revolution showed why modernity was to be resisted - destroying traditional institutions and disrupting all that was valuable in an...
    Polychronicon 150: Interpreting the French Revolution
  • Robespierre: a reluctant terrorist?

      Article
    After a revolution to remove the monarchy did the French revolutionaries create another leadership of power over ideals? William Doyle re-evaluates the reputation of the so-called architect of terror during the French Revolutionary years. Two recent books reflect a seemingly endless fascination with the man whose downfall brought the end...
    Robespierre: a reluctant terrorist?
  • After the revolution: did Cromwell, Washington and Bonaparte betray revolutionary principles?

      Historian article
    This article examines the aftermath of three epoch-making periods of change – the English, American, and French Revolutions. A comparison of the trio of military commanders who gained power as a direct consequence of these upheavals reveals how the very political radicalism which brought them to power also threatened to...
    After the revolution: did Cromwell, Washington and Bonaparte betray revolutionary principles?
  • The Flight to Varennes

      Historian article
    On the night of 20 June 1791 a portly middle-aged man, dressed inconspicuously in brown, with a dark green overcoat and his hair covered by a grey wig, walked out of the Tuileries palace past the guards. For the past 12 nights the Chevalier de Coigny, dressed in a similar...
    The Flight to Varennes
  • It’s just reading, right? Exploring how Year 12 students approach sources

      Teaching History article
    Frustrated by the generic statements that her Year 12 students were making about sources, Jacqueline Vyrnwy-Pierce resolved to undertake a research project into how her students were approaching sources about the French Revolution. Fascinated by the research of American educational psychologist Sam Wineburg, Vyrnwy-Pierce decided to use Wineburg’s methods to find...
    It’s just reading, right? Exploring how Year 12 students approach sources
  • The Historian 135: Revolution

      The magazine of the Historical Association
    4 Reviews 5 Editorial (Read article) 6 The German Revolution of 1918-19: war and breaking point – Simon Constantine (Read article) 12 Steering the ship of state into port or, ending the French Revolution, 1789-1802 – Malcolm Crook (Read article) 19 The President’s Column 20 The Russian Revolution 100 years on:...
    The Historian 135: Revolution
  • Cunning Plan 109: teaching the French Revolution to Year 12

      Teaching History feature
    This edition of 'Cunning Plan' focuses on teaching Year 12 the French Revolution.
    Cunning Plan 109: teaching the French Revolution to Year 12
  • Counterfactual Reasoning: Comparing British and French History

      Teaching History article
    Year 8 use counterfactual reasoning to explore place and social upheaval in eighteenth-century France and Britain Two linked motivations inspired Ellen Buxton's research study: she wanted pupils to make connections between British and French history and she wanted to explore the potential of counter-factual reasoning within a causation enquiry. It...
    Counterfactual Reasoning: Comparing British and French History
  • Significant people: Mary Wollstonecraft

      Primary History article
    ‘I do not wish women to have power over men; but over themselves’ – Mary Wollstonecraft The National Curriculum gives the freedom to select any significant individual and many schools have already chosen those outside the commonly-used ones such as Florence Nightingale, Christopher Columbus and Queen Victoria. There is also...
    Significant people: Mary Wollstonecraft
  • France during the reign of Louis XVI

      Article
    The system of Ancien Régime France was indeed archaic, to the extent that its nominal social structure not only contained remnants of the feudal system, like many European countries at that time, but was largely based on it. The extensive corruption inherent in this same system was such that those...
    France during the reign of Louis XVI
  • Catherine de Medici & the Ancien Regime

      Classic Pamphlet
    Catherine de Medici is one of the most controversial figures of the early modern period. Her name has come to symbolize her age and both have long retained an exceptionally powerful emotive force. Consequently they have attracted many writers primarily seeking to apportion blame for the sombre events of the...
    Catherine de Medici & the Ancien Regime
  • The Historian 157: United States

      The magazine of the Historical Association
    5 Editorial (Read article - open access) 6 Ending Camelot: the assassination of John F Kennedy – Nicolas Kinloch (Read article) 11 Letters 12 Anti-Americanism in Britain during the Second World War – Kit Kowol (Read article) 17 The portrayal of historians in fiction: people on the edge? – Michael Bender (Read article)...
    The Historian 157: United States
  • The Historian 157: Out now

      The magazine of the Historical Association
    Read The Historian 157 ‘This will be the American century’, declared the celebrated publisher Henry Luce in 1941. Luce, the son of missionaries, was brought up in China. As a child, he had witnessed the collapse of the Qing dynasty, and the subsequent disintegration of the country. He would probably...
    The Historian 157: Out now
  • The Journey to Icarie and Reunion: A Romance of Socialism on the Texas Frontier

      Historian article
    The viewer of the internationally popular television show Dallas was routinely treated to an aerial tour that skimmed across the open prairie over the distinctive skyscrapers across the fifty-yard line of Texas Stadium and up the manicured pastures of South Fork. This façade of larger-than-life Texana reflects an urban reality...
    The Journey to Icarie and Reunion: A Romance of Socialism on the Texas Frontier
  • Cunning Plan 152.2: using Gillray’s cartoons with Year 8

      Teaching History feature
    The past 30 years have seen a general revival in scholarly activity relating to ‘all aspects of 18th-century British history'. However, this increase in academic study, which has broadly coincided with the introduction and development of the National Curriculum in England, has not resulted in the period being studied in great...
    Cunning Plan 152.2: using Gillray’s cartoons with Year 8
  • Out and About: Duke of Wellington statues

      Historian feature
    Dave Martin, recently the author of a book on the French Revolution, takes us on a journey to discover some of the memorials to the Duke of Wellington, and asks what they tell us about the great man. The Duke of Wellington is so clearly a national hero that it is no surprise...
    Out and About: Duke of Wellington statues
  • 1066: The Limits of our Knowledge

      Historian article
    As the most pivotal and traumatic event in English history, the Norman Conquest continues to generate controversy and debate, especially among those who know little about it or enjoy passing judgement on the past. Who had the better claim to the English throne, William the Conqueror or Harold Godwineson? Was...
    1066: The Limits of our Knowledge
  • Louis XIV

      Classic Pamphlet
    Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 and became King on May 14 1643 at the age of four years and eight months on the death of his father Louis XIII. He attended the Conseil d'en haut from 1649 when he was eleven years old. He announced his coming...
    Louis XIV
  • Facing the Revolution: the other Americans

      Historian article
    The American Revolution presented all who lived through it with difficult choices about allegiance, identity, and self-interest.  The responses of American loyalists, enslaved people, and Native Americans reveal much about the country’s revolutionary foundation and the United States of today. The American Revolution was at once universal and narrowly nationalistic....
    Facing the Revolution: the other Americans
  • Sweden’s forgotten revolution

      Historian article
    People are sometimes surprised to learn that for much of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century, Sweden was one of Europe’s great powers. The revolution that transformed Swedish government following the death of Karl XII at the end of the Great Northern War is still less widely-known. But though largely carried...
    Sweden’s forgotten revolution
  • ‘The cradle of the Industrial Revolution’

      Historian article
    Michael Winstanley challenges assumptions about Lancashire's new industrial landscape, inviting us to re-imagine what Manchester and the country around it looked like. Lancashire, especially the cotton textile district to the east of the county, is widely regarded as the ‘cradle of the industrial evolution’. But what did this burgeoning industrial landscape actually look like in the early nineteenth century?...
    ‘The cradle of the Industrial Revolution’